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By M. Kafa. High Point University.

Bibliography with no compilers or editors Teaching hospital costs: an annotated bibliography of the costs of medical education zebeta 10mg without prescription, patient care discount zebeta 5 mg line, and research at teaching hospitals. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliografcheskii ukazatel otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi literatury. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases]. Bibliographies 541 Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografa anotada) [Population and employment in Bolivia (an annotated bibliography)]. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliografcheskii ukazatel otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi literatury [Tobacco and tobacco smoking: bibliographic index of the Russian and foreign literature]. Infant mortality and health in Latin America: an annotated bibliography of the 1979-82 literature. Beauge G, Bendiab A, Labib A, Longuenesse E, Roussillon A, Quiles J, Weyland P, compilers. Bibliography with titles with parallel text in two languages Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. Bibliography of African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics in engineering, science and the health professions. Psychological factors in emergency medical services for children: abstracts of the psychological, behavioral, and medical literature, 1991-1998 [bibliography]. Trier (Germany): Universitat Trier, Zentrum fur Psychologische Information und Dokumentation; 2004. Bibliography of 1690 citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous vaccines, and the works of E. Infectious diseases in twentieth-century Africa: a bibliography of their distribution and consequences. Te Bernard Becker collection in ophthalmology: an annotated catalog [bibliography]. Geneva (Switzerland): United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Centre for Documentation on Refugees; 1991. An overview of medical and public health literature addressing literacy issues: an annotated bibliography [microfche]. Jointly published by the National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy, Washington. Adult survivors of incest/childhood sexual abuse: a selected, annotated list of books [bibliography]. Bibliography with no place of publication or publisher found Rykov M, Salmon D, compilers. Bibliography with month and year of publication Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A, compilers. Annotated bibliography on refnement and environmental enrichment for primates kept in laboratories. Bibliography of 1690 citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous vaccines, and the works of E. Bibliography with no date of publication, but a date of copyright Bondi K, editor. Te contemporary and historical literature of food science and human nutrition [bibliography]. Bibliography of 1690 citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous vaccines, and the works of E. An overview of medical and public health literature addressing literacy issues: an annotated bibliography [microfche]. Bibliography with availability statement Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography. Assessing children for the presence of a disability: resources you can use [bibliography]. Genitale Verstummelung von Frauen: eine Bibliographie [Female genital mutilation: a bibliography]. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Bibliographies Te general format for a reference to a part of a bibliography, including punctuation: Examples of Citations to Parts of Bibliographies Rather than citing a bibliography as a whole, separately identifed portions of a bibliography may be cited. Chapters, sections, appendixes, and the like are considered parts of bibliographies when they are written or compiled by the authors of the bibliography. Because a reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a bibliography with the bibliography itself, then follow it with the information about the part. For instructions on citing one volume of a bibliography published in multiple volumes, see Chapter 2B Individual Volumes of Books (Chapter 2B(1) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/Editors or Chapter 2B(2) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors) and example 7 below. Bibliographies 547 Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Bibliographies Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R afer the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O afer the name means it is optional. Bibliography (R) | Name and Number/Letter of the Part (R) | Title of the Part (R) | Location (Pagination) of the Part (R) Bibliography (required) Cite the bibliography according to Chapter 6A Entire Bibliographies Name and Number/Letter of the Part for a Bibliography (required) General Rules for Name and Number/Letter • Enter the name of the part, such as Chapter or Appendix • Do not abbreviate names.

Eighteen clinically healthy volunteers participated in this study and was evaluated on the 3 basic pain response parameters namely cheap zebeta 10mg, pain threshold buy 5 mg zebeta otc, pain tolerance and pain sensitivity range. The assay was validated by doing a preliminary reproducibility of the pain response parameters (which coefficient of variation of less than ±15% was selected) on the healthy volunteers before the actual study. Aspirin, 600mg and Chin-saw-kha-thee 10gm (immersed in 150ml of distilled water for a night) showed significant analgesic efficacy in three parameters (p<0. Analysis of arsenic content in "Khun-hnit-par-shaung" Myanmar indigenous medicine. Arsenic content of Sein-nee-myin-thwa, Kyauk-say-dan and the formulated "Khun-hnit-par-shaung" medicine was analysed by nuclear method. The arsenic content of formulated "Khun-hnit-par-shaung" medicine depends on the heating time during the preparation. The content of arsenic in the mixture becomes higher according to the exposure time of heat. The pineapple Ananas sativa juice, 4080mg/ml, effectively killed the in vitro test parasite Ascaris suum during the experimental period of two days. Potency wise comparison study showed 80mg/ml of the pineapple juice had an anthelminthic activity equivalent to that of 4mM of piperazine. The juice immobilized the test worm leading to death, without any intervening stimulatory phase. On the in vivo model using pigs, the pineapple fruit, ingested to a dosage as low as 10g/kg, could purge the intestinal roundworms. A biochemical system for measurement of anticholinesterase activity of chemical agents and some reputed medicinal plants was established. Let-htoke-kyi, an antidysenteric medicinal plant, was found to have high anticholinesterase activity, which can therefore be considered as a potential anthelmintic drug. It has long been used in Myanmar traditional medicine for the treatment of amoebic dysentery for years. After making morphological and anatomical confirmation, four extracts were prepared in different solvents, namely water, ethyl acetate, 50% and 95% ethanol in varying concentrations and were tested against 20 isolates of Entamoeba histolytica for antiamoebic activity, in in vitro culture system. The phytochemical analysis of both aqueous and 95% ethanolic extract was done and results showed both extracts contained alkaloid, glycoside, steroids, reducing sugar and carbohydrate. Acute toxicity study of both aqueous and 95% ethanolic extract was done by using albino mice. The study tested the antiamoebic effect of aqueous and 95% ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum Linn. The antiamoebic activity of both extracts was compared with a positive control group th of infected mice receiving normal saline and a group of non-infected mice. On the 5 day, the mice were sacrificed and the caecum was carefully examined macroscopically for lesions at caecal wall and contents. The aqueous extract, at doses of 9, 6, 3g/kg showed 40%, 30% and 20% effectiveness in treated mice, respectively. It was found that the increasing dose of the extracts caused increasing metronidazole. It was found that the increasing dose of the extracts caused increasing effect of cured infection. The histopathological findings showed no significant histopathological changes which resembled normal pattern in metronidazole treated group, 0. Therefore, the histopathological findings also supported that the extract had the dose dependent effect on percent of cured infection. This study proved scientifically that both aqueous and 95% ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum Linn. And when compared between 2 extracts, 95% ethanolic extract showed more efficacious in antiamoebic activity but more toxic than aqueous extract. The anti-bacterial actions of some indigenous plant extracts in vitro and in vivo. Twenty-six indigenous plants had undergone an in vitro antibacterial screening against 14 test-bacteria. Sixteen of the plants tested showed an inhibitory activity against at least one test bacterium, though there was a variation regarding the size of zones of inhibition. The plant extracts and some antibiotics had been employed in evaluating two in vitro methods and two culture media usually used for antibacterial screening. Effectiveness of the test agents were then assessed from three test parameters, ie. Antibacterial activity of Euphorbia milii (Kiss-me-quick) was evaluated by in vitro screening model. Of the various extracts of leaves tested, polar extracts were observed to be effective on 13 out of 33 species of bacteria. The alcoholic extracts that showed antibacterial activity were further analysed chemically. Zone size in diameter from 14 to 30mm was obtained by testing with agar disc diffusion technique.

Radiographic changes included gaseous distension of the intestines (i) buy 10mg zebeta overnight delivery, thickening of the contiguous membrane of the caudal thoracic and abdominal air sac (open arrow) cheap zebeta 10mg on line. The client was a heavy smoker, and the lesions resolved over a three-month period when the client quit smoking and the bird received daily exposure to fresh air and sunlight. Crop (c), thoracic esophagus (ar- row), proventriculus with filling defects (p), ventriculus (v), duodenum (d), ilium and jejunum (open arrow). Barium contrast radiography indicated that the mass was associated with the thoracic esophagus. Radiographa) was taken 45 minutes and radiograph b) was taken 2 hours after barium administration. Contrast medium can be seen in the ventriculus (v), ascending and descending colon (d), jejunum and ileum (i), colon (open arrow) and cloaca (c). The gastrointestinal tract of neonates stays distended with food, making the deline- ation of abdominal structures difficult. Radiographs indicated joint enlargement, subchondral bone lysis and erosion of the intercondylar space. The bird had been equipped with a radiotransmitter and released from a hack tower several weeks before presentation. The bird was not being monitored and was found hanging upside down from a tree limb with the transmitter entangling the legs. Ultrasound can be used to differentiate nal effusion or organomegaly, ultrasound may be between soft-shelled eggs and egg-related peritonitis. With Patients may be held or secured with a plexiglass egg-related peritonitis, there is a heterogeneous hy- restraining device. Many birds that are minimally perechoic appearance to the coelomic cavity (Figure restrained in an upright position are extremely toler- 12. Ultrasound-guided biopsy can be used to collect diag- Higher frequency scanners provide less tissue pene- nostic samples from the liver. The patient must be tration but finer resolution and are most useful in sedated or anesthetized. In larger species a 22 ga Westcott used, but because of their shape, they do not conform needle is used to obtain specimens for cytology, his- well to the patient’s body. Spinal needles and 25 ga hypoder- mic needles may be used, but may be difficult to If the patient is in dorsal recumbency, the transducer localize with the ultrasound beam and often yield is placed just caudal to the sternum and the beam is only enough material for cytology. The liver has a uniform, slightly granular, echogenic pattern and is easily recognized Nuclear Scintigraphy (Figure 12. The right and left hepatic veins can be identified as anechoic channels on the dorsome- The potential value of nuclear medicine studies in dial aspect of the liver. The usefulness patic parenchyma has been described in birds with of musculoskeletal scintigraphy in other species is fatty liver degeneration and hepatic lymphoma. Ultrasound is of extremities, especially following trauma, would be little value in detecting acute or chronic hepatitis, most suitable for bone scintigraphy. Evaluation of the and it is difficult to differentiate between cirrhosis extent of osteomyelitis, joint disease, vascular com- and necrosis. Granulomas and neoplasms typically promise, impaired fracture healing and less com- appear as focal hyperechoic walls with an echoic monly, bone neoplasia, is enhanced by nuclear medi- center. Technetium-99m(99mTc) is the isotope most frequently The liver may be used as a window to visualize the used because of its short half-life (six hours) and ideal cardiac silhouette. For bone scanning, the ra- ment of cardiac chambers and valvular abnormali- diopharmaceutical most commonly used is 99mTc ties can be detected in larger species. A whole body scan masses such as large granulomas have been defined of most birds is easily obtained because the entire using ultrasonography. Delayed static images are taken within anesthetized to prevent any motion during the scan. Technical factors are inadequately studied in birds; however, slice section thickness ranging from 2 mm to 5 mm non-overlapping with varying window set- Computed Tomography tings have been described for body scans. In Petrak ratory tract and use of computed to- ment of lymphocytic leukemia and 196(6):939-940, 1990. A unique lens design9 allowed for improved light transmission in small diameter telescopes. Over the next decade, various rigid endoscopes were intro- duced into human gynecology, orthopedics and oto- laryngology. By the middle 1970’s veterinarians were employing these endoscopes in animal species, and 13 the concept of rigid endoscopy was introduced to avian practitioners. New developments in equipment and techniques are certain to increase the value of endoscopy to avian veterinarians. The abdominal air sac actually forms a backwards C positioned dorsal and ventral to the caudal thoracic air sac (see Anatomy Overlay). In some species, the right and left abdominal air sacs may be more symmetrical than shown. Entry sites are shown as either left-sided approaches (open circle) or right-sided approaches (solid circle).

The pigeons in this study developed a marked granulocytic inflammatory re- These materials hold tissues in approximation to sponse the the catgut that diminished during the allow healing to progress; however order zebeta 10mg otc, cells cannot pene- period of evaluation; however zebeta 5mg visa, the material was still trate the adhesive. It is important not to allow the present at the end of the study indicating prolonged adhesive to run between the tissues to be apposed as absorption of the material. Polyglactin 910 is consid- the presence of the acrylic will delay healing by ered nonreactive in mammals. In some cases, especially process of hydrolysis and does not require enzyme with water birds, the acrylic may be applied in a thin degradation. In this study, polyglactin 910 caused the layer over the apposed incision to create a seal yet most intense inflammatory reaction but it was ab- allow epithelial cells to migrate under the acrylic sorbed the most quickly (completely gone by day 60). It is the limbs or digits of tiny patients to splints for considered nonreactive in mammals and is usually orthopedic problems and various other purposes. Caution should be exercised when using these mate- This material behaved similarly in the pigeons stud- rials in the presence of anesthetic gases with which ied. It caused minimal tissue reaction and absorption they are synergistic and may cause ocular irritation and vomiting in avian patients. Analgesics Postoperative Care Historically, it has been considered that birds have a remarkable capacity to deal with pain, although the assessment of what animals perceive as pain is diffi- cult. Research in the area of avian pain perception The patient should be placed in an incubator at 85°F has been minimal. Companion birds have a well with supplemental oxygen during recovery from sur- developed sense of touch and react by loud vocaliza- gery. It is best to continue maintaining the postsur- tion and withdrawal when potentially painful stim- gical patient in a small, controlled environment dur- uli are applied. Clients expect that analgesia will be ing the convalescent period (see Chapter 39). The provided for their pet, and it is the responsibility of patient’s activity level should be kept to a minimum the entire staff to relieve a patient’s postoperative to allow proper tissue healing. Food and water should be placed budgerigars3 to evaluate the effect of high doses of where they are easily accessed by the patient. Toys butorphanol tartratet and flunixin meglumine onu and extraneous objects within the enclosure should heart rate, motor control and respiratory rate. Postoperative antibiotic therapy should be instituted Butorphanol is an opioid analgesic with both agonist when there is a specific indication, such as with open, and antagonist properties, resulting in a “ceiling effect” contaminated wounds or where there has been in- such that above a maximum effective dose, neither traoperative contamination of the surgical field. The action perioperative antibiotic therapy is recommended for and potency of opiates and opioids is related to the specific receptor sites to which a given agent binds. In general, avian patients do not traumatize their There are three major types of opiate receptors. Mu surgical incisions, and they poorly tolerate bandages receptors mediate analgesia and euphoria. Elizabethan collars or neck braces also responsible for physical dependency, sedation should be reserved for the most desperate cases. Kappa receptors also Elizabethan collar is considered necessary, the pa- are involved in analgesia and, to a lesser degree, with tient’s neck should first be wrapped so the collar will sedation and respiratory depression. Using this stimulation results in cardiac and respiratory stimu- technique, a smaller, looser collar may be utilized. In some patients, the center core of cardboard from a Butorphanol exerts its effects at mu and kappa re- roll of bathroom tissue may be padded and used as a ceptors. Doses of 3 to 4 mg/kg of butorphanol given to neck brace alone or in conjunction with an Elizabe- budgerigars had no statistically significant effect on than collar. The first day, the Elizabethan collar 3 heart rate or respiratory rate; however, some treated should open rostrally in the traditional manner. This effect was considered will allow the patient time to become accustomed to minor and all birds remained alert. Return to normal the collar, and it will not damage the wings while the motor coordination occurred within two to four hours patient is struggling to escape the device. No gastrointestinal effects were day, the collar should be reversed such that the cone observed with this agent. Food and water should be placed on a pedestal to ten times this dose are safe in birds. The patient’s weight should be closely monitored to assure that an adequate amount of food Buprenorphine hydrochloridev is another opioid with and water is being consumed. The collar should be agonist/antagonist activity that appears to be effec- tive in controlling pain in avian patients. Vet Surg 18:269- Tissue reaction to five suture materi- Assoc 189:1017-1019, 1986. Board certified surgeons are becoming attracted to the field for the purpose of developing 41 and refining avian procedures. Procedures that were once considered impossible are now performed on a routine basis. The most substantial limitation to soft tissue surgery of the abdomen is the small size (<100 grams) of many avian patients. Surgery of the thoracic area, even in large companion birds, pre- sents a similar problem, in that the organs of interest are covered by the sternum and heavy musculature.

Human clinical studies have supported the role of pomegranate juice (240 ml/day) in benefiting heart health 10mg zebeta sale. Keep the serving size no greater than 4 to 6 fl oz and drink it no more than twice per day generic 10mg zebeta mastercard. When damaged, fats and cholesterol form lipid peroxides and oxidized cholesterol, which can then damage the artery walls and accelerate the progression of atherosclerosis. It is unlikely that any single antioxidant would be proven to be effective, especially in the absence of a supporting cast. Most antioxidants require some sort of “partner” antioxidant, allowing them to work more efficiently. The most salient example of this is the partnership between the two primary antioxidants in the human body, vitamins C and E. Vitamin C is an aqueous-phase antioxidant, while vitamin E is a lipid-phase antioxidant. Although some studies have shown that supplementation with these nutrients reduces atherosclerotic lesions, more protection is probably required to ensure optimal effect. Another shortcoming of many of the studies on antioxidant nutrients is the lack of consideration given to the importance of phytochemicals and plant-derived antioxidants, which, in addition to having benefits on their own, are well known to potentiate the activities of vitamin and mineral antioxidants. Phytochemicals such as carotenes (especially lycopene and lutein) and flavonoids are especially important in fighting free radical damage. Some of the disappointing results may also have been due to the choice of synthetic vitamin E (D,L-alpha tocopherol) in one of the large studies vs. There is also the problem of the interference by statin drugs in vitamin E and CoQ10 metabolism; this interference increases the need for both compounds. Vitamin E and CoQ10 work synergistically, and each is required for the regeneration of the other. For example, CoQ10 is present in the blood in both oxidized (inactive) and reduced (active) form. During times of increased oxidative stress or low vitamin E levels, more CoQ10 will be converted to its oxidized form. Thus, by providing higher levels of vitamin E, the biological activity and function of CoQ10 are enhanced, and vice versa. Several studies in humans and animals have shown that the combination of vitamin E and CoQ10 works better than either alone. Selenium functions primarily as a component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase. This enzyme works closely with vitamin E to prevent free radical damage to cell membranes. Studies looking only at vitamin E’s ability to reduce cancer and heart disease are often faulty because they fail to factor in the critical partnership between selenium and vitamin E, not to mention the interrelationship between vitamin E and CoQ10. Several studies have clearly demonstrated that low selenium status is significantly associated with coronary artery disease. Finally, when you are taking vitamin E, it is important to take mixed tocopherols (that is, all the forms of vitamin E found in food) rather than simply d-alpha-tocopherol. Vitamin C Vitamin C works as an antioxidant in aqueous (watery) environments in the body, both outside and inside cells. Along with CoQ10, vitamin C is also responsible for regenerating vitamin E after it has been oxidized in the body, thus potentiating the antioxidant benefits of vitamin E. One of the most detailed studies analyzed the vitamin C intake of 11,348 adults over five years and divided them into three groups: (1) less than 50 mg dietary intake per day, (2) more than 50 mg per day dietary intake with no vitamin C supplementation, and (3) more than 50 mg dietary intake plus vitamin C supplementation (estimated to be equal to or greater than 300 mg). These differences correspond to an increase in longevity of five to seven years for men and one to three years for women. These extracts offer protection through several different mechanisms, including their antioxidant activity and effects on the endothelial cells that line blood vessels. Once platelets aggregate, they release potent compounds that dramatically promote the formation of atherosclerotic plaque, or they can form a clot that can lodge in small arteries and produce a heart attack or stroke. The adhesiveness of platelets is determined largely by the type of fats in the diet and the level of antioxidants. While saturated fats and cholesterol increase platelet aggregation, omega-3 oils (both short-chain and long-chain) and monounsaturated fats have the opposite effect. Pyridoxine prolonged both bleeding and coagulation time but not over physiologic limits. Pyridoxine was also shown to lower total plasma lipids and cholesterol levels considerably from pretreatment levels. Total plasma lipids were reduced from 593 to 519 mg/dl, and total cholesterol was reduced from 156 to 116 mg/dl.

Mitochondrial Ca2+ overload can worsen cell injury in part by compromising its capability to sustain oxidative phosphorylation [49] and by promoting the release of proapoptotic factors [50] discount zebeta 5 mg visa. Mechanisti- cally buy zebeta 10mg low cost, these bene¿ts are associated with less cytosolic Na+ overload, less mitochondrial 168 R. Compression depth was adjusted to maintain an aortic diastolic pressure between 26 and 28 mmHg in the ¿rst series and between 36 and 38 mmHg in the second series. Within each series, rats were randomised to receive cariporide (3 mg/kg) or NaCl 0. In rats that received cariporide, the compression depth required to generate a given level of systemic and organ blood Àow was markedly reduced compared with in rats that received the vehicle control. This was the case when cariporide was combined with epinephrine in our pig model [12] and when combined with epinephrine and with vasopressin in our rat model [37]. Rats from the last two time events were randomised to receive Na+-limiting intervention immediately before starting chest com- pression or vehicle control. Limiting sarcolemmal Na+ entry attenuated increases in cytosolic Na+ and mitochondrial Ca2+ overload during chest compression and the postresuscitation phase. After this interval, extracorporeal circulation was started and systemic (extracorporeal) blood Àow adjusted to maintain a coronary perfusion pressure at 10 mmHg for 10min before attempting de¿bril- lation and restoration of spontaneous circulation. The target coronary perfusion pressure was chosen to mimic the low coronary perfusion pressure generated by closed-chest resus- citation. Instead, myocardial tissue measurements indicated that zoniporide administration prevented progressive loss of oxidative phosphorylation during the interval of simulated resuscitation. All these ¿ndings are indicative of preserved mitochondrial bioenergetic function. However, several studies have recently shown that erythropoietin also activates potent cell survival mechanisms during ischaemia and reperfusion through genomic and nongenomic signalling pathways in a broad array of organs and tissues, including the heart [58–63], brain [64, 65], spinal cord [66], retina [67], kidney [68], liver [69] and skin [70]. Although important in other settings, these effects are not likely to play a role for initial cardiac resuscitation. The depth of compression was adjusted to maintain an aortic diastolic pressure between 26 and 28 mmHg. This level of 14 Physiopathology and Severity of Postresuscitation Myocardial Dysfunction 171 diastolic aortic pressure secured a coronary perfusion pressure above the resuscitability threshold of 20 mmHg in rats. This difference represented a 25% improvement in the haemodynamic ef¿cacy of chest compression with erythropoietin given at the beginning of chest compression. However, the protocol was modi¿ed such that the chest was compressed to the maximum depth of 17 mm in rats. Beta-epoetin was kept refrigerated (2–8°C) in the ambulance until immediately before use. However, disrup- tion in the supply of erythropoietin prompted investigators to administer erythropoietin or 0. Post hoc, a second control group was included in which 48 of 126 patients were selected who had out-of-hospital cardiac arrest treated with the same resuscitation protocol the year before. These 48 patients were selected using propensity scores assigning two controls for each erythropoietin-treated patient. Future effort should focus on the translation of these concepts through additional clinical trials that could not only support these ¿ndings but also quantitate their treatment effects paving the way for ultimately clinical implementation. Binak K, Harmanci N, Sirmaci N (1967) Oxygen extraction rate of the myocardium at rest and on exercise in various conditions. Br Heart J 29:422–427 14 Physiopathology and Severity of Postresuscitation Myocardial Dysfunction 173 2. Yusa T, Obara S (1981) Myocardial oxygen extraction rate under general anesthe- sia. Continuous cardiac magnetic resonance imaging during untreated ventricular ¿bril- lation. Ruiz-Bailen M, Aguayo dH, Ruiz-Navarro S et al (2005) Reversible myocardial dysfunction after cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Xu T, Tang W, Ristagno G et al (2008) Postresuscitation myocardial diastolic dys- function following prolonged ventricular ¿brillation and cardiopulmonary resusci- tation. Grmec S, Strnad M, Kupnik D et al (2009) Erythropoietin facilitates the return of spontaneous circulation and survival in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Karmazyn M, Sawyer M, Fliegel L (2005) The na(+)/h(+) exchanger: a target for cardiac therapeutic intervention. Imahashi K, Kusuoka H, Hashimoto K et al (1999) Intracellular sodium accumu- lation during ischemia as the substrate for reperfusion injury. Hinokiyama K, Hatori N, Ochi M et al (2003) Myocardial protective effect of lido- caine during experimental off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Namiuchi S, Kagaya Y, Ohta J et al (2005) High serum erythropoietin level is as- sociated with smaller infarct size in patients with acute myocardial infarction who undergo successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Ghezzi P, Brines M (2004) Erythropoietin as an antiapoptotic, tissue-protective cy- tokine. Celik M, Gokmen N, Erbayraktar S et al (2002) Erythropoietin prevents motor neu- ron apoptosis and neurologic disability in experimental spinal cord ischemic injury. Buemi M, Vaccaro M, Sturiale A et al (2002) Recombinant human erythropoietin inÀuences revascularization and healing in a rat model of random ischaemic Àaps.

Nitrate contamination occurs in geographic patterns related to the amount of nitrogen contributed by fertilizers buy 5mg zebeta, manure cheap zebeta 10 mg fast delivery, and airborne sources such as automobile and industrial emissions. Nitrate exposure may explain why some geographic pockets have a substantially higher rate of type 1. Parents would do well to break the habit of feeding children hot dogs, cold cuts, and ham. Health food stores now carry nitrate-free alternatives to these rather toxic food choices. Also, investing in a high-quality water purifier is good insurance against ingesting nitrate-contaminated drinking water. Early Treatment and Possible Reversal of Type 1 Diabetes Early intervention in type 1 designed to affect the autoimmune or oxidative process theoretically may be capable of lengthening the “honeymoon” phase (the time before insulin becomes absolutely necessary) or even completely reversing the damage. Two substances that may have some benefit in this regard are niacinamide and epicatechin. Niacinamide The niacinamide form of vitamin B3 has been shown to prevent some of the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells and may actually help to reverse the damage. In a study of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetics, seven patients were given 3 g niacinamide per day and nine were given a placebo. After six months, five patients in the niacinamide group and two in the placebo group were still not taking insulin and had normal blood glucose and hemoglobin A1C. At 12 months, three patients in the niacinamide group but none in the placebo group were in clinical remission. As of 2004, there had been 12 studies of niacinamide treatment in patients with recent-onset type 1, or type 1 of less than five years’ duration, and who still had some functional beta cells. Of 10 double- blind, placebo-controlled studies, 5 showed a positive effect compared with a placebo in terms of prolonging the period in which insulin was not yet required, lower insulin requirements when the hormone was required, improved metabolic control, and increased beta cell function as determined by secretion of a substance known as C-peptide. In the 5 studies that showed a positive result, patients had a higher baseline fasting C-peptide level, and patients were generally older than in the negative studies. The first of these studies, the Deutsche Nicotinamide Intervention Study, did not show much of an effect with 1. It is possible that such a formulation did not allow for sufficient peak levels of niacinamide to block autoimmune mechanisms. Nonetheless, the fact that some patients have had a complete reversal of their disease makes its use certainly worth the effort, especially since there is currently no other reasonable alternative. The dosage recommendation is based on body weight: 25 to 50 mg niacinamide per kg of body weight, up to a maximum dosage of 3 g per day, in divided doses. However, because large doses of niacinamide could possibly harm the liver, a blood test for liver enzymes should be performed every three months to rule out liver damage. The line of research on its potential role in recent-onset type 1 diabetes began with examining the bark from the Malabar kino tree (Pterocarpus marsupium). This botanical medicine has a long history of use in India as a treatment for diabetes. Initially, epicatechin extracted from the bark was shown to prevent beta cell damage in rats. Further research indicated that both epicatechin and a crude alcohol extract of P. Another reason is that green tea polyphenols exhibit significant antiviral activity against rotaviruses and enteroviruses, two types of virus suspected of being involved in the development of type 1. Recommended dosage for green tea extract in children younger than age 6 is 50 to 150 mg; for children 6 to 12 years old, it is 100 to 200 mg; for children over 12 and adults, it is 150 to 300 mg. The green tea extract should have a polyphenol content of at least 80% and be decaffeinated. Type 2 Diabetes Causes The major risk factor for type 2 diabetes is obesity or, more precisely, excess body fat. Approximately 80 to 90% of individuals with type 2 are obese (body mass index greater than 30). When fat cells (adipocytes), particularly those around the abdomen, become full of fat, they secrete a number of biological molecules (e. Also important is that as the number and size of adipocytes (fat cells) increase, this leads to a reduction in the secretion of compounds that promote insulin action, including adiponectin, a protein produced by fat cells. Not only is adiponectin associated with improved insulin sensitivity, but it also has anti-inflammatory activity, lowers triglycerides, and blocks the development of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). The net effect of all of these actions is that fat cells severely stress blood glucose control mechanisms, as well as lead to the development of the major complication of diabetes, atherosclerosis. Because of all these newly discovered hormones secreted by adipocytes, many experts now consider adipose tissue to be part of the endocrine system, joining glands such as the pituitary, the adrenals, and the thyroid.