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Although interviews can be a highly efficient and effective research tool generic zyrtec 5 mg without a prescription, it is recognised that they also present the challenge that bias may arise because of the efforts of image-conscious informants buy cheap zyrtec 5 mg. This challenge was mitigated through the use of multiple interviews among diverse informants who were likely to view the issues and events from different standpoints. Some of the interviews were conducted with both researchers present, other interviews with just one researcher. In the main, interviews were recorded and transcribed. The researchers drew on a semistandard interview schedule comprising semistructured interview questions. These had to be adapted to the varying situations including, for example, the subject of the service redesign under scrutiny and the role and vantage point of the interviewee. The semistructured interview schedule was adapted accordingly. Appendix 4 shows a typical example of one such interview guideline. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals 15 provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK. PROJECT DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY Case study data analysis As mentioned, members of the research team worked in pairs for each main case study. These subteams undertook the first stage of each data analysis process. In this way a coherent narrative of the flow of events within each case could be constructed. This was combined with a descriptive account of the issues and challenges encountered by the actors involved. These first-level reports used a common framework: (1) context, (2) focus and narrative of the case, (3) clinical leadership themes emerging and (4) emerging ideas for cross-case comparisons. The first three sections of these initial draft reports were fed back to informants in the case studies concerned, as a way of validating the accuracy of the data collected and the descriptive interpretations made. Next, the first-level case reports were discussed, in turn, at a monthly series of research team meetings. From these discussions emerged ideas for explanatory concepts that could be applied to understand differences and similarities in the nature of clinical leadership across the cases. This process of discussion, conceptualisation and comparison between the cases led to the development of the conceptual framework for analysing the cases set out at the beginning of Chapter 4. This second-level analysis was carried out by two members of the research team, who were also the main authors of this report. That analysis brings together the descriptive summary of events with an explanatory analysis of the forms of clinical leadership and their relationship to the achievements and difficulties encountered in bringing about service innovation. The analyses are compared and discussed further in Chapter 5. TABLE 2 Interviews for the case studies Interviewee role Number of interviews GP chairpersons, clinical leads, other GPs 65 CCG accountable officers and other managers 36 Nurses 8 Lay members 7 Acute sector doctors and managers, mental health 25 Community health managers and nurses 10 NHSE, CQC, NHS Improvement, CSU and other agencies 10 LA representatives, councillors, chief executives and directors, public health 9 Voluntary sector 9 GP practice managers 7 Patient representatives 8 Ambulance service, paramedics 8 Total 202 16 NIHR Journals Library www. First, the responses to each of the questions were gathered together and the results presented as tables and charts. Second, a number of cross-tabulations were made in order to investigate whether or not occupants of different roles answered questions in particular ways. Third, comparisons were made between our data and the ratings of CCGs made separately by NHSE. These correlations produced some very interesting findings. A notable feature of the completed questionnaires were the free-form questions. As a result of the careful preparation of the questionnaires in conjunction with a range of informants from the scoping phase, respondents readily recognised the relevance of the issues being raised and were very keen to share their thoughts. In the next chapter, the statistical results stemming from the structured questions are presented and analysed along with the free-text responses. Public and patient involvement We sought to involve the public and patients as far as was feasible, relevant and practicable at all stages. In the first instance, a nationally renowned patient and public involvement (PPI) representative with very extensive experience of PPI was appointed as co-chairperson of the Project Steering Committee. This representative was involved in all aspects of the research from the initial design, the oversight of research instrument construction and the review of findings at all stages, to the discussions about the dissemination of findings. During the course of the project, PPI was used mainly in relation to the specific service redesign initiatives that were the focal component of this study. These initiatives often had PPI arrangements in place and we tapped into these rather than seek to set-up new arrangements.

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The second member of the PMG was recruited via an e-mail from NHS FV to its PPI advisors purchase zyrtec 10 mg otc, and the PPI member recruited to the SSC was recruited in the same way safe zyrtec 5 mg. All PPI members were offered support to participate by the ALLIANCE, but no PPI member requested such support, and most were experienced as PPI representatives or felt that they had sufficient life experience to confidently participate and contribute. In the event that there was any concern for the health and well-being of our PPI members, we also had a GP team member (SM) who could provide some initial advice, with the proviso that they then contact their own GP. Neither Christine Hoy nor Stewart Mercer was called on to act in these capacities. We used the NIHR cost calculator for public involvement, in conjunction with advice from the ALLIANCE about appropriate levels and methods of remuneration for patient/public involvement, to ensure that we had the funds to support this. Project management Margaret Maxwell was responsible for overall project delivery and worked on a day-to-day basis as required with the project manager (CH) and the two part-time research assistants (RAs). Carina Hibberd was project manager and supervised the two part-time RAs on a day-to-day basis and conducted fieldwork alongside the RAs as required, as well as being responsible for adapting and delivering the training to nurses. There were weekly meetings between Margaret Maxwell, Carina Hibberd and the RAs to report on study progress and timelines, and to deal with any immediate problems. Nadine Dougall and Rebekah Pratt also attended these meetings, as required, to ensure that preparation for data collection and subsequent data 12 NIHR Journals Library www. Video and telephone conferencing was available to minimise time and travel when attendance was required. Formal PMG meetings were held with all co-applicants and other members of our PMG, including our patient/carer representatives. These included a feedback report on study progress and discussion of any problems/issues arising. An independent SSC was established with four members: Professor Brian McKinstry (University of Edinburgh, Professor of Primary Care and practising GP) to chair the committee; Dr Ruth Jepson (University of Edinburgh, Senior Scientific Advisor, Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy); Dr Dorothy Horsburgh (Edinburgh Napier University, Senior Lecturer, nurse and specialist in LTCs); and one PPI member. Dr Horsburgh retired during the study and was replaced by Dr Debbie Baldie of Queen Margaret University. Observers such as a sponsor representative, a representative of the Scottish Primary Care Research Network (SPCRN) and any members of the research team could be invited at the request of the chairperson. Formal SSC meetings (n = 4) were held in Edinburgh and consisted of a feedback presentation and supporting documentation, including any ethics amendments and their outcomes, interim reports to the funder (NIHR) and minutes of the PMG. Analytical framework Quantitative analysis The primary outcome of the pilot trial was to determine recruitment and retention rates of PNs, and the recruitment of patients and data completion for a future cluster RCT. We also wanted to establish which nurse- and patient-level measures should constitute primary and secondary outcomes for a future cluster RCT and, hopefully, use this knowledge to determine sample size for a future trial. The study combined data collection for nurses and patients as two separate units of analysis. One of the criteria for continuation to a full-scale trial would be to determine if the number of nurses required for a cluster RCT was feasible and within reasonable cost boundaries. Such a design would also need to be sufficiently powered at the patient level, thereby testing the impact of the PCAM tool on both nurse behaviour and patient outcomes. The characteristics of the nurses and patient groups and their related outcome measures were summarised using descriptive analysis. The related outcome measures were summarised using descriptive analysis together with estimates of precision, and any relevant change scores. Some modifications were made to the statistical analysis plan that was created at the time of requesting funding for the study. Since then, there has been a shift in expert guidance advising against all formal significance testing for pilot and feasibility study outcome measures, as these are not powered to detect statistical significance. Therefore, formal significance testing was omitted, as was the use of the multiple regression modelling approach. The focus of the analysis centred on the recruitment, data completion and attrition rates, and making use of descriptive analysis to summarise the data. The PEI and CARE measures were analysed at the nurse level and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), SF-12 and WEMWBS were analysed at the patient level. Both units of analysis were summarised between randomisation groups, using means and standard deviations, or medians and interquartile ranges, together with change scores estimated with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The number of practices recruited and the number of nurses recruited were less than planned, and this also ruled against the use of formal regression models to explore the influence of covariates on outcome measures. In addition, as the number of clusters was so low, and as some of the follow-up data were missing, the estimation of the ICC for the outcome measures was not appropriate. This issue may be freely reproduced for the purposes of private research and study and extracts (or indeed, the full report) may be included in professional journals 13 provided that suitable acknowledgement is made and the reproduction is not associated with any form of advertising. Applications for commercial reproduction should be addressed to: NIHR Journals Library, National Institute for Health Research, Evaluation, Trials and Studies Coordinating Centre, Alpha House, University of Southampton Science Park, Southampton SO16 7NS, UK. OVERVIEW OF STUDY DESIGN, METHODOLOGY AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT Data management and quality assurance All paper questionnaire forms were pseudonymised and double locked. Digital data were stored on a shared, password-secured folder on the University of Stirling intranet. Questionnaire data were managed using Microsoft Access® 2007 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA).